Amateur Anglican

Catechesis, Discipleship, and Encouragement

Part 2 of 4: Reformed Protestant & CENTRAL Church/Mixed Jurisdictions

Orthodox Anglican Options in the United States: A Comprehensive Survey

Part 2 of 4: Reformed Protestant & Central Church/Mixed Jurisdictions

Compiled with assistance from Claude AI (Anthropic) – October 2025

Part 1: Anglo-Catholic Jurisdictions →
ACC, ACA, APA, APCK – the high church options

Part 3: “Abandon Ship” Options →
TEC, Rome, Orthodoxy, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Baptist

Part 4: Analysis & Decision Framework →
Comparison tables, decision matrices, future scenarios

CATEGORY 2: REFORMED/PROTESTANT JURISDICTIONS

Reformed Episcopal Church (REC)

Official Website: https://www.rechurch.org/

Size and Scope: Approximately 7,602 members distributed across 114 parishes and missions (2022 data, representing 9.7% growth from 2016 count of 6,927 members). Four U.S. dioceses plus Western Canada & Alaska diocese.

Historical Foundation: Founded 1873 in New York City by George David Cummins, formerly Assistant Bishop of Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky. Split from Protestant Episcopal Church over concerns about growing Anglo-Catholic (Oxford Movement) influences. Represents oldest continuously existing Anglican body in North America outside of Episcopal Church itself.

Dual Jurisdictional Status: REC maintains unique position as both:

  • Independent jurisdiction (founded 1873, predates ACNA by 136 years)
  • Founding member of Anglican Church in North America (2009)
  • REC’s four U.S. dioceses function simultaneously as REC dioceses and ACNA dioceses
  • REC Presiding Bishop (Ray Sutton) serves in ACNA College of Bishops

Liturgical Standards: 2003 REC Book of Common Prayer (based on 1928 American BCP with Reformed theological emphases). Also recognizes 1928 American BCP and 1662 English BCP. 2019 ACNA BCP available through ACNA membership but not mandated.

Geographic Distribution: Four U.S. dioceses provide national coverage:

  • Diocese of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic
  • Diocese of Mid-America
  • Diocese of the Southeast
  • Diocese of the West
  • Diocese of Western Canada and Alaska

Church finder available

Ecclesiastical Relationships:

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Growing – 9.7% membership increase 2016-2022 reverses earlier decline. Only Continuing Anglican body demonstrating consistent multi-year growth in 2020s. Growth partly attributable to ACNA membership providing visibility and resources.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics:

  • Reformed Protestant theology with explicit evangelical emphases
  • Low to broad church ceremonial practice (varies by parish/diocese)
  • Strong emphasis on biblical preaching and Scripture as ultimate authority
  • Explicitly rejects “priest” terminology in favor of “presbyter,” “minister,” or “pastor”
  • Less formal liturgical style than Anglo-Catholic bodies
  • Affirms Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion as doctrinal standard
  • Worship tends toward “Prayer Book evangelical” style

Institutional Strengths:

  • Oldest continuously existing Anglican body outside TEC (152 years) demonstrates institutional stability
  • ACNA founding membership provides resources, visibility, seminary partnerships, broader connections
  • Actually growing rather than declining, unique among Continuing bodies
  • Reformed Protestant identity appeals to evangelical Anglicans
  • Clear historical narrative (Cummins founding story)
  • Geographic spread across four U.S. dioceses
  • International relationships through both independent connections and ACNA networks
  • 2003 Prayer Book modernizes language while maintaining Reformed theology
  • Sub-jurisdiction status provides some insulation from ACNA dysfunction while maintaining ACNA benefits

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • Small absolute size (7,602 members, 114 parishes) still limits resources significantly
  • Sub-jurisdiction status creates institutional complexity and dual identity challenges
  • Relationship with ACNA’s “dual integrities” women’s ordination policy creates tension
  • Reformed distinctives may alienate Anglo-Catholics
  • Some critiques that worship style is insufficiently “Anglican”
  • Previous Diocese of the West dissolution (2016) indicates structural vulnerability
  • Smaller parishes often lack resources for full programming
  • Bi-vocational clergy common in smaller parishes
  • Growth of 9.7% over six years represents modest absolute numbers (675 members gained)

Special Note on ACNA Relationship: REC’s dual status creates unique dynamics. As ACNA founding member, REC has voice in governance, access to resources, but also exposure to ACNA’s constitutional problems. For orthodox Anglicans concerned about ACNA governance, REC offers “one foot in, one foot out” position.

For Further Research:

United Episcopal Church of North America (UECNA)

Official Website: https://unitedepiscopal.org/

Size and Scope: Approximately 26 congregations distributed across multiple states. Specific membership numbers not publicly available. Also known historically as “Anglican Protestant Church.”

Historical Foundation: Founded October 1981 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as low church/broad church alternative to Anglo-Catholic dominated ACC. Bishop Charles Doren invited to serve as first bishop and archbishop. Founding group sought jurisdiction emphasizing continuity with “old Protestant Episcopal Church.”

Liturgical Standards: 1928 American Book of Common Prayer and 1662 English Book of Common Prayer in U.S. parishes; 1962 Canadian BCP in Canadian parishes.

Geographic Distribution: Scattered across multiple states including Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, Virginia. Church directory available.

Ecclesiastical Relationships:

  • Historically maintained intercommunion with Anglican Catholic Church and Anglican Province of Christ the King
  • Major Development: ACC ended intercommunion with UECNA effective August 1, 2025, citing “doctrinal differences around the Affirmation of St. Louis”
  • Participated in 2009 joint episcopal consecrations with ACC and APCK
  • 2008-2011 unity discussions with ACC explored organic union but ultimately stalled

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Stable but very small with signs of strain. Recent loss of ACC intercommunion (August 2025) suggests significant institutional and theological tensions. Historical data shows decline from ~40 parishes in 1990s to 26 congregations currently.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics:

  • Low to broad church liturgical practice emphasizing Protestant elements
  • Explicitly emphasizes continuity with “old Protestant Episcopal Church”
  • Strong commitment to Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
  • Reformed Protestant theological orientation with evangelical sympathies
  • Less ceremonial worship than Anglo-Catholic bodies
  • Scholarly approach to theology without Anglo-Catholic ritualism
  • Appeals to those wanting “middle way”

Institutional Strengths:

  • Clear Reformed Protestant identity within Continuing movement
  • Constitutional structure modeled on 1958 Protestant Episcopal Church Constitution
  • Emphasizes both Protestant and catholic elements of Anglicanism
  • Appeals to traditionalists seeking Anglican worship without high church ceremonial
  • Own seminary (Doren Seminary)
  • Thirty-Nine Articles emphasis provides clear doctrinal standard

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • Extremely small size (26 congregations) severely limits capacity
  • Specific membership numbers not publicly available suggests institutional opacity
  • Geographic accessibility very limited
  • Recent loss of ACC intercommunion indicates serious tensions
  • “Doctrinal differences” cited for ACC split not publicly explained
  • Historical decline from ~40 parishes (1990s) to 26 (2025)
  • Very limited resources prevent robust programming, full-time clergy
  • History of divisions suggests institutional fragility
  • Small congregations typically elderly demographic
  • 2008-2011 unity discussions with ACC failed
  • Bi-vocational or part-time clergy predominant

Current Institutional Status: As of October 2025, UECNA operates independently following August 2025 ACC intercommunion termination. Nature of theological dispute not publicly detailed. Prospective members should contact UECNA leadership directly for clarification.

For Further Research:

CATEGORY 3: BROAD CHURCH / MIXED TRADITION

Anglican Church in North America (ACNA)

Official Website: https://anglicanchurch.net/

Size and Scope: Approximately 130,111 members across 1,027 congregations in 29 dioceses (2024 data). Represents largest orthodox Anglican jurisdiction in North America by significant margin.

Historical Foundation: Founded June 2009 through merger of multiple Anglican groups departing The Episcopal Church (TEC) and Anglican Church of Canada over theological liberalization. Founding groups included Common Cause Partnership members, Reformed Episcopal Church, Anglican Mission in the Americas (AMiA), Convocation of Anglicans in North America (CANA), and various dioceses/parishes leaving TEC.

Founding Context: Response to 2003 consecration of Gene Robinson (openly partnered gay man) as Episcopal Bishop of New Hampshire, 2002 Diocese of New Westminster same-sex blessings authorization, ongoing women’s ordination disputes, and perception of systematic theological liberalization.

Prayer Book: 2019 Book of Common Prayer adopted as provincial standard, though dioceses may authorize other traditional prayer books.

Geographic Distribution: Nationwide presence with 29 dioceses, though density varies:

  • Strong presence: Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Pacific Northwest, Texas
  • Moderate presence: California, Mountain West, Great Plains
  • Limited presence: Upper Midwest, Southwest Florida, Michigan UP, parts of New England

Church finder tool available

Ecclesiastical Relationships:

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Growing significantly – only mid-to-large Anglican jurisdiction showing consistent multi-year growth:

  • Attendance: 96,148 ASA in 2024, representing 13.4% increase from 2023
  • Membership: 130,111 in 2024, 1.5% increase from 2023
  • Congregations: 1,027 in 2024, net increase of 14
  • Leading indicators: Baptisms +5.6%, confirmations +15.8%, weddings +17.4% (2024 vs 2023)
  • Large churches: 27 churches now exceed 500 average attendance (up from 16 in 2023)
  • Three consecutive years of double-digit attendance growth

Growth attributed to: post-COVID return, increasing seekers of Anglican worship, church planting emphasis, transfer growth from declining TEC, appeal to younger evangelicals seeking liturgical tradition.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics: Highly variable – ACNA’s “big tent” approach creates extreme diversity:

Anglo-Catholic Parishes:

  • Full ceremonial (incense, bells, elaborate vestments, reserved sacrament)
  • Seven sacraments emphasis
  • “Father” title for clergy
  • Traditional sacred music
  • Examples: Dioceses like Fort Worth, Quincy, parts of South Carolina

Evangelical/Low Church Parishes:

  • Minimal ceremonial
  • Contemporary worship or traditional hymnody
  • Emphasis on preaching/Bible teaching
  • “Pastor” title for clergy
  • Less frequent Eucharist (monthly/quarterly in some cases)
  • Examples: Many church plants, some Southern and Western dioceses

Charismatic Parishes:

  • Contemporary worship with praise bands
  • Emphasis on Holy Spirit gifts
  • Informal or modified prayer book worship
  • Examples: Some Churches for the Sake of Others (C4SO) parishes

Broad Church/Traditional:

  • Prayer Book liturgy without high ceremonial
  • Balanced word and sacrament emphasis
  • Traditional or contemporary music
  • Examples: Many former Episcopal parishes, REC parishes

“Dual Integrities” Policy: ACNA Constitution allows each diocese to determine whether to ordain women to priesthood/episcopate. Results in:

  • Some dioceses ordain women priests
  • Some dioceses explicitly reject women’s ordination
  • Some dioceses in “impaired communion” with women-ordaining dioceses
  • Ongoing constitutional crisis over this issue as of 2024-2025

Seminary Partnerships:

Institutional Strengths:

  • Size provides institutional capacity: 130,000 members create resources, infrastructure unavailable to smaller bodies
  • Geographic accessibility: Most Americans within reasonable distance of ACNA parish
  • Actually growing: 13.4% attendance increase unprecedented among orthodox Anglican bodies
  • Multiple theological streams: Most preferences can find compatible parish
  • GAFCON membership: International Anglican legitimacy; recognized by Global South provinces
  • Strong church planting focus
  • Seminary infrastructure: Trinity School for Ministry and partnerships
  • REC sub-jurisdiction: Reformed Protestant continuity through 152-year history
  • Youth and young adults: Unlike TEC and Continuing bodies, significant younger presence

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • Constitutional dysfunction: “Power Concentration Paradox” creates governance paralysis – authority simultaneously over-centralized (Provincial Council controls amendments, Executive Committee controls Assembly agenda) and under-concentrated (no binding dispute resolution, weak discipline)
  • Women’s ordination crisis: “Dual integrities” creates ongoing constitutional crisis with dioceses declaring “impaired communion”; Fort Worth Diocese called for moratorium (2024) rejected by Province; 318-page study produced no decisive action
  • Title IV (discipline) system broken: Recent trials (notably Bishop Stewart Ruch III case) demonstrate procedural chaos – three prosecutors resigned, process distrusted by all parties
  • Theological incoherence: “Dual integrities” model philosophically incoherent – women’s ordination involves mutually exclusive truth claims (valid vs. invalid sacraments) that cannot both be true
  • Drift toward liberalism: Some dioceses adopt positions barely distinguishable from Episcopal Church on various issues
  • “Big tent” instability: Theological diversity creating increasing tensions; Anglo-Catholic vs. Reformed Protestant divisions may be unsustainable
  • Provincial structure weak: Province provides minimal oversight; dioceses function almost independently; lacks mechanisms for resolving existential disputes
  • Amendment trap: Those benefiting from current dysfunction control whether reform proposals reach Assembly
  • Worship inconsistency: “Anglican” worship varies so widely that visitor from one ACNA church might not recognize another as same tradition
  • Some parishes barely Anglican: Contemporary evangelical style in some church plants lacks distinctive Anglican character

Special Note on Constitutional Analysis: As subject of this broader study’s constitutional analysis, ACNA represents case study in governance dysfunction. For details, see primary articles analyzing constitutional structure.

Current Constitutional Crisis (2024-2025):

  • Women’s ordination impasse creating “impaired communion” between dioceses
  • Fort Worth Diocese (Bishop Ryan Reed) declared impaired communion with women-ordaining dioceses June 2024
  • Other dioceses (Quincy, Upper Midwest) joined impaired communion declarations
  • Bishop Ruch trial (ongoing) demonstrating Title IV system dysfunction
  • Provincial Council passed some Title IV reforms (2024) but avoided women’s ordination issue
  • Task force working on comprehensive Title IV revision for potential 2026 Assembly consideration
  • No clear path to resolving women’s ordination without constitutional amendment that current structure makes nearly impossible

For Further Research:

Orthodox Anglican Church (OAC)

Official Website: https://orthodoxanglican.us/

Size and Scope: Claims “over one million lay members” worldwide through the Orthodox Anglican Communion. Observable U.S. presence consists of 11 congregations across 4 missionary dioceses plus international missions in Mexico, Honduras, and recruitment efforts in Canada.

Historical Foundation: Founded as Anglican Orthodox Church in 1963 or 1964 by James Parker Dees in Statesville, North Carolina. Underwent multiple name changes: Episcopal Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of America (1999), Orthodox Anglican Church (2005). Current leadership under Archbishop Joshua Arena-Gilliam (seventh Presiding Bishop, enthroned July 27, 2024), who previously served in ACNA.

Liturgical Standards: Adheres to 1928 Book of Common Prayer and Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. Emphasizes “Christian orthodoxy and high moral standards” within traditional prayer book framework.

Geographic Distribution:

  • Archdiocese: 2 parishes (South Carolina)
  • Missionary Diocese of The Most Holy Trinity: 5 parishes (North Carolina, Florida)
  • Missionary Diocese of The Transfiguration: 3 parishes (Kentucky, Indiana, Florida)
  • Missionary Diocese of the Southwest: 1 parish (Arkansas)
  • Mission to Puerto Rico: 1 parish (Spanish language)
  • International: Missionary bishops in Mexico and Honduras

Ecclesiastical Relationships: Member of Orthodox Anglican Communion (OAC communion structure). Historical relationship with Anglican Orthodox Church (AOC) through shared founding by James Parker Dees, though now separate jurisdictions.

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Recent leadership transition (2024) from long-serving Archbishop Thomas Gordon to former ACNA clergyman Joshua Arena-Gilliam. Small but geographically distributed U.S. presence concentrated in Southeast. Membership claims of “over one million” appear inconsistent with observable parish count of 11 U.S. congregations; even at generous average of 200 members per parish, U.S. presence would approximate 2,200 members. Claimed membership may include international affiliations or historical data not reflective of current active participation.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics:

  • 1928 Book of Common Prayer liturgy
  • Traditional Anglican worship within Reformed Protestant framework
  • Emphasis on biblical orthodoxy and moral standards
  • Southeast U.S. regional culture
  • Small parish sizes typical of Continuing Anglican bodies

Institutional Strengths:

  • Clear commitment to 1928 BCP and traditional Anglican formularies
  • Geographic distribution across multiple southeastern states
  • International missionary vision (Mexico, Honduras, Puerto Rico)
  • Recent leadership transition suggests institutional continuity
  • St. Andrew’s Theological College and Seminary provides clergy formation

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • Extremely small observable U.S. presence (11 congregations)
  • Membership claims lack verification and contradict observable parish count
  • Limited geographic accessibility outside Southeast region
  • Small congregations likely unable to support full-time clergy
  • Website requires JavaScript, limiting accessibility of church directory
  • Leadership instability: seventh Presiding Bishop since 1963 founding
  • Unclear relationship between claimed worldwide membership and actual organizational structure

For Further Research:

Anglican Orthodox Church (AOC)

Official Website: https://aocinternational.org/

Size and Scope: U.S. parish count unable to verify from publicly available sources. Organized into three master dioceses: East, Midwest, and West. Claims international presence in 22 countries worldwide including Pakistan, Indonesia, Canada, India, Liberia, Madagascar, South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Central African Republic, Haiti, Philippines, Fiji, Peru, Argentina, and Solomon Islands.

Historical Foundation: Organized November 16, 1963 by Bishop James Parker Dees in Statesville, North Carolina, departing from Episcopal Church over “immoral policies and perceived doctrinal error.” Current leadership under Bishop Jerry L. Ogles (consecrated October 22, 2000), who serves as Bishop of the United States and Metropolitan of the Anglican Orthodox Church’s worldwide communion.

Liturgical Standards: Uses 1928 Book of Common Prayer, Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, the Homilies, and King James Version of the Bible. Emphasizes “Biblical Faith as once given” (Jude 3) and biblical morality as public policy.

Geographic Distribution: Three master dioceses established in 2023 restructuring:

  • Diocese of the East: Bishop Charles Morley (Alabama-based)
  • Diocese of the Epiphany (Midwest): Bishop Roy Morales-Kuhn (noted as “pastor of the biggest AOC parish West of the Mississippi,” overseeing Spain, Central and South America)
  • Diocese of the West: Bishop Jack Arnold
  • Headquarters: St. Andrew’s Anglican Orthodox Parish, Enterprise, Alabama

Ecclesiastical Relationships: Distinct and separate from Orthodox Anglican Church (OAC) despite both tracing origins to James Parker Dees. AOC maintained original name and structure while OAC emerged from later reorganizations. International affiliations through 22-country network.

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Restructured U.S. governance in 2023 into three master dioceses. Bishop Ogles (born 1943) has provided stable leadership since 2000. Reference to “biggest AOC parish West of the Mississippi” suggests very limited U.S. presence, likely comparable to other small Continuing Anglican bodies. Strong emphasis on international mission work. Weekly “Sunday Report” publication demonstrates consistent communication infrastructure.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics:

  • Strongly low church Reformed Protestant tradition
  • Rejects use of title “Father” for clergy
  • Rejects many priestly vestments commonly used in other Anglican jurisdictions
  • Rejects veneration of saints
  • Emphasizes biblical preaching and prayer book liturgy
  • Focus on Biblical morality and worldview
  • Conservative theological education through affiliated structures

Institutional Strengths:

  • Clear theological identity firmly rooted in low church Anglican tradition
  • Long leadership tenure (Bishop Ogles: 24+ years) provides stability
  • International scope across 22 countries provides institutional diversity
  • Strong commitment to historic Anglican formularies (1928 BCP, Thirty-nine Articles, Homilies)
  • Regular publication infrastructure (Sunday Report, sermon distribution)
  • Military Affairs Division under Bishop Morales-Kuhn
  • Emphasis on biblical authority and Reformed Protestant heritage
  • Direct lineage to 1963 founding maintains institutional continuity

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • U.S. parish count not publicly accessible, suggesting very small domestic presence
  • Limited publicly available information about congregational locations
  • Aging leadership (Bishop Ogles born 1943, now over 80)
  • Reference to single “biggest parish West of the Mississippi” implies very few western congregations
  • Low church worship style may be culturally unfamiliar to Anglo-Catholic or high church seekers
  • Small U.S. presence likely means very limited geographic accessibility
  • International claims difficult to verify from available documentation
  • Website structure prioritizes sermons and teaching over parish accessibility information

For Further Research:

Note: AOC is historically and organizationally distinct from the Orthodox Anglican Church (OAC). Both trace origins to James Parker Dees’ 1963 founding, but represent separate institutional trajectories. AOC maintained the original “Anglican Orthodox Church” name until present, while the group that became OAC underwent multiple reorganizations and name changes.

Episcopal Missionary Church (EMC)

Official Website: https://www.emchome.org/

Size and Scope: Approximately 27 parishes scattered throughout the United States. Three dioceses: Diocese of the East, Diocese of the South, and Diocese of the West.

Historical Foundation: Incorporated 1992 as outgrowth of Episcopal Synod of America (now Forward in Faith, North America). Initially formed as missionary diocese within ECUSA attempting internal reform; withdrew from ECUSA in 1992 to form independent jurisdiction. First Presiding Bishop: A. Donald Davies (retired Bishop of Fort Worth, Texas). Motto: “Defend the Historic Faith.”

Liturgical Standards: Uses 1928 edition of the Book of Common Prayer or the Anglican Missal based upon it. Embraces “variety of liturgical styles from low church to high church, evangelical to Anglo-Catholic.”

ACNA Relationship – MAJOR DEVELOPMENT: Full communion concordat signed September 14, 2020 with Anglican Church in North America (ACNA). Archbishop Foley Beach and EMC Presiding Bishop William Millsaps signed formal agreement at Christ Church, Monteagle, Georgia. The concordat establishes:

  • Immediate full communion between EMC and ACNA
  • Recognition of ministry witness as “stronger and more effective united in Faith”
  • Mutual adherence to orthodox Christian Faith established by Holy Scripture
  • Recognition of historic Episcopate and apostolic succession
  • Goal of eventual “full coalescence” while maintaining separate constitutions and governance
  • EMC remains sovereign jurisdiction while enabling cooperation and mutual recognition of orders

Current Leadership:

  • Presiding Bishop and Bishop of the Diocese of the West: Peter Ng’ang’a (elected 2024)
  • Bishop of the Diocese of the South and Bishop Coadjutor: William Millsaps (former Presiding Bishop, chaplain of University of the South, Sewanee)
  • Bishop of the Diocese of the East: John Greaves
  • Cathedral: Christ Church, Monteagle, Tennessee (Diocese of the South)

Geographic Distribution: Parishes scattered across United States without concentrated regional presence. Specific parish locations available through website parish finder.

Ecclesiastical Relationships:

  • Full communion with ACNA (2020 concordat)
  • Historical concordat with Charismatic Episcopal Church (CEC) since 1994
  • Member of Federation of Anglican Churches in the Americas
  • Exploring relationship with Episcopal Missionary Church of South Africa

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Recent leadership transition (2024) to Bishop Peter Ng’ang’a as Presiding Bishop. ACNA concordat (2020) represents significant strategic relationship providing connection to larger orthodox Anglican structure while maintaining institutional independence. Participation in Federation of Anglican Churches in the Americas demonstrates engagement with broader Continuing Anglican world. Small but distributed presence across multiple dioceses.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics:

  • Central Church classification: Explicitly embraces liturgical diversity from evangelical to Anglo-Catholic
  • 1928 BCP or Anglican Missal liturgy depending on parish tradition
  • Emphasis on historic Episcopate and apostolic succession
  • Sacramental focus: Baptism and Holy Communion as necessary sacraments
  • Traditional clerical attire and vestments
  • Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds as definitive faith statements
  • Congregational sizes likely small, typical of Continuing Anglican bodies

Institutional Strengths:

  • ACNA full communion provides significant strategic advantage: Access to larger network, mutual recognition of orders, shared mission capacity
  • Theological flexibility accommodating multiple Anglican traditions (low to high church)
  • Clear formation story from within ECUSA provides legitimacy narrative
  • Leadership includes bishops with credible Episcopal Church background
  • Participation in multiple Anglican networks (ACNA, Federation of Anglican Churches)
  • Historical continuity through founding bishops from Episcopal Church
  • Multiple prayer book options allow parish-level liturgical preference
  • Federal Chaplain Endorser demonstrates institutional capacity for military ministry

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • Very small size (~27 parishes) limits institutional capacity
  • Geographic dispersion creates coordination challenges
  • Small parishes likely unable to support full-time clergy
  • Limited visibility compared to larger jurisdictions
  • ACNA concordat, while beneficial, may create identity questions about independence
  • Multiple concurrent concordats (ACNA, CEC) may complicate ecclesial identity
  • Difficult to locate parishes without strong web presence
  • Small size makes sustainability vulnerable to leadership transitions

For Further Research:

Strategic Consideration: For those seeking orthodox Anglican worship with connection to ACNA’s larger network while in a smaller, more intimate congregation, EMC offers unique positioning through full communion concordat while maintaining independent governance. Essentially functions as ACNA-adjacent option with greater liturgical flexibility.

Anglican Mission in the Americas (AMiA)

Official Website: https://theamia.org/ (requires JavaScript)

Size and Scope: Approximately 15-17 churches in 11 U.S. states (as of 2021-2024). Additional 9 churches in 4 Canadian provinces through Anglican Mission in Canada. Represents catastrophic decline from peak of 268 churches planted during first eleven years.

CRITICAL STATUS WARNING: AMiA experienced near-total institutional collapse following 2011 severance from Anglican Church of Rwanda. Lost approximately 200+ churches (roughly two-thirds of total) to other jurisdictions, primarily to ACNA. Current status as “Anglican” jurisdiction is disputed.

Historical Foundation: Established January 29, 2000 through consecration of Chuck Murphy and John Rodgers as missionary bishops by Archbishop Emmanuel Kolini (Rwanda) and Archbishop Moses Tay (Southeast Asia) at St. Andrew’s Cathedral, Singapore. Emerged from “First Promise Movement” (1997) declaring Episcopal Church authority “fundamentally impaired.” First parish: St. Andrew’s Church, Little Rock, Arkansas (1996).

Liturgical Standards: Originally used various Book of Common Prayer editions. Liturgical standards unclear in current diminished state.

ACNA Relationship – COMPLICATED HISTORY:

  • 2009: Founding member of Anglican Church in North America
  • 2010: Changed status from full member to “ministry partner”
  • 2011: Severed relationship with Province of Rwanda over financial transparency and governance disputes
  • 2012: Withdrew from ACNA, restructured as independent “Society of Mission and Apostolic Works”
  • Post-2012: Most AMiA bishops and parishes departed to join ACNA proper
  • Major Loss: Diocese of Churches for the Sake of Others (C4SO), originally AMiA’s West Coast church planting initiative, became separate ACNA diocese
  • Current: No formal relationship with ACNA or any Anglican Communion province

Leadership History:

  • 2000-2013: Bishop Chuck Murphy (founding leader)
  • 2013-present: Bishop Philip Jones
  • Majority of AMiA bishops departed for ACNA-affiliated PEAR-USA following 2011 Rwanda severance

Geographic Distribution: 15-17 churches scattered across 11 U.S. states. Three notable Arkansas parishes:

  • St. Andrew’s, Little Rock (1,000+ members, largest Anglican parish in Arkansas, hosts Anglican School of Ministry)
  • All Saints, Hot Springs Village
  • Trinity in the Fields, Marion

Ecclesiastical Relationships:

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Institutional collapse. From 268 churches planted (Murphy’s 2013 final address) to approximately 15-17 remaining represents 94% attrition. Loss of diocesan structure, provincial oversight, and relationship with both Rwanda and ACNA leaves organizational legitimacy unclear. Majority of institutional capacity (bishops, parishes, church planting infrastructure) transferred to ACNA. St. Andrew’s Little Rock remains notable exception as large, viable congregation.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics:

  • Originally evangelical/charismatic Anglican expression
  • Church planting and mission emphasis in founding vision
  • Liturgical/sacramental combined with charismatic worship
  • Current parish culture likely varies significantly given organizational fragmentation
  • St. Andrew’s Little Rock represents original AMiA vision most clearly

Institutional Strengths:

  • St. Andrew’s Little Rock: Large, viable parish (1,000+ members) with Anglican School of Ministry demonstrates original AMiA vision can work at scale
  • Historical importance in Anglican realignment (2000-2010 period)
  • Church planting expertise and infrastructure development influenced broader Anglican realignment
  • Bridge2Rwanda and other Rwanda connection charitable work from Little Rock base

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • No Anglican Communion provincial oversight since 2011 – jurisdictional legitimacy disputed
  • Catastrophic institutional collapse: 94% attrition from peak (268 churches → 15-17)
  • Loss of episcopal leadership: Majority of bishops departed to ACNA
  • “Former Anglicans” assessment from ACNA Archbishop creates identity crisis
  • Lost entire West Coast church planting arm (became C4SO within ACNA)
  • No clear path to Anglican Communion recognition
  • Organizational infrastructure largely dissolved
  • Website inaccessible without JavaScript limits information availability
  • Unclear governance structures in post-collapse state
  • Limited geographic accessibility (15-17 churches nationally)
  • Financial and accountability disputes led to Rwanda severance

For Further Research:

ASSESSMENT FOR PROSPECTIVE ATTENDEES:

AMiA represents a cautionary tale of institutional collapse following governance failures and provincial severance. With only 15-17 U.S. churches, no Anglican Communion provincial oversight, and approximately 94% attrition from peak, AMiA’s viability as ongoing Anglican option is questionable.

IF considering an AMiA parish:

  • Verify current provincial/episcopal oversight (unclear as of 2024)
  • Understand that Archbishop Duncan (ACNA) assessed AMiA as “former Anglicans”
  • Recognize that most of what AMiA built (200+ churches, multiple bishops, church planting infrastructure) now resides in ACNA
  • Consider whether nearby ACNA parish (particularly C4SO diocese) might represent AMiA’s original vision with greater institutional stability

Exception: St. Andrew’s Little Rock remains large, apparently viable congregation with significant institutional capacity (Anglican School of Ministry). If geographically accessible, represents AMiA’s original vision at scale despite broader organizational collapse.

Historical Note: AMiA’s 2000-2010 period was enormously influential in Anglican realignment, demonstrating global South Anglican willingness to provide oversight to North American conservatives. Its collapse demonstrates risks of inadequate accountability structures and dependence on single charismatic leader (Murphy). Most of AMiA’s successful legacy now exists within ACNA proper.

Charismatic Episcopal Church (CEC/ICCEC)

Official Website: https://www.iccec.org/

Size and Scope: Claims “close to 1,000 churches with over 300,000 communicant members in 25 countries”. Wikipedia reports 1,600 churches (2008), 2,000 churches (2014). U.S. parish count not independently verifiable from available sources. Multiple active U.S. dioceses: Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Midwest, Western regions.

Historical Foundation: Established June 26, 1992 with consecration of Father Randolph Adler as first Bishop and Primate. Emerged from Convergence Movement seeking to blend evangelical teaching, charismatic worship, and Book of Common Prayer liturgy. NOT a schism from Episcopal Church or Anglican Communion – intentionally formed as new jurisdiction from clergy of multiple denominational backgrounds (Pentecostal, Baptist, Anglican, Lutheran, Independent Charismatic, Wesleyan).

Liturgical Standards: Provisionally adopted Book of Common Prayer (1979) as standard. Also recognizes 1928 BCP and Anglican Service Book for use. Northeast Sacramentary (available from Cathedral Church of the Intercessor, Malverne, NY) recommended for U.S. churches. Other historic Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Orthodox liturgies allowed with diocesan bishop approval.

Theological Position – “Three Streams” Convergence:

  • Fully Sacramental/Liturgical: Real Presence in Eucharist, seven sacraments, historic Episcopate in apostolic succession
  • Fully Evangelical: Scripture as inspired, inerrant Word of God; biblical authority on all matters of faith and practice
  • Fully Charismatic: Recovery of fivefold ministry (Ephesians 4:11-13), gifts of Holy Spirit in operation, charismatic worship
  • Convergence formula: “In essentials unity, in nonessentials liberty, in all things charity”

Doctrinal Standards:

  • Holy Scriptures (66 books) as Word of God containing all things necessary for salvation
  • Apostles’ and Nicene Creeds as sufficient statements of faith
  • Seven Sacraments: Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Confession/Reconciliation, Holy Matrimony, Holy Orders, Healing/Unction
  • Forbids ordination of women to priesthood and episcopate
  • Affirms traditional sexual ethics (rejected “non-traditional sexual ethics” in 2006 crisis)
  • Holds to San Clemente Declaration of 1999 as minimum standard of catholicity

Apostolic Succession – COMPLEX HISTORY:

2006 CRISIS – MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL DISRUPTION:

  • Approximately 30% of clergy and congregations departed
  • Seven actively serving bishops plus one retired bishop left
  • Crisis stemmed from allegations against ICCEC leadership in America
  • Patriarch’s Council heard and adjudicated allegations (June/September 2006)
  • Departing clergy/congregations found homes in:
    • Antiochian Greek Orthodox Church (Western Rite)
    • Roman Catholic Church through Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter
  • October 15, 2007: Patriarch Randolph Adler requested retirement
  • Original concerns (1990s) about founding bishop Timothy Barker embracing “theological liberalism, Gnosticism, Theosophy, non-traditional sexual ethics, and ordination of women” led to ICCEC separation

Current Leadership Structure:

  • Governed by Patriarch’s Council and International College of Archbishops
  • Episcopal governance: bishops must be rectors of own local parishes
  • Government by consensus under Holy Spirit direction (Acts 15 model)
  • Each diocese under authority of its bishop
  • Each parish under authority of rector and rector’s council

Geographic Distribution:

  • U.S. Dioceses: Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Midwest, Western (specific parish counts unavailable)
  • International: Europe, Africa, Asia (34+ churches and missions claimed in 2023)
  • Canada: Western Canada presence noted

Ecclesiastical Relationships:

  • NOT affiliated with Episcopal Church USA or Anglican Communion (never has been)
  • Historical concordat with Episcopal Missionary Church (EMC) since 1994
  • Member of Federation of Anglican Churches in the Americas
  • International Communion structure (ICCEC) oversees worldwide Charismatic Episcopal Churches

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Membership claims (1,000-2,000 churches, 300,000+ members) significantly exceed observable presence and lack independent verification. 2006 loss of 30% clergy/congregations represents major institutional disruption. Current activity level unclear from available data. Multiple dioceses with regular House of Bishops meetings suggest ongoing institutional function. Recent clergy retreat activity (2024) indicates continued operation.

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics:

  • Central Church/Convergence classification: Intentionally blends evangelical, charismatic, and liturgical/sacramental streams
  • Holy Eucharist as principal weekly worship
  • Traditional clerical attire and vestments (alb, stole, etc.)
  • Charismatic worship elements: tongues, prophecy, healing
  • Contemporary and ancient worship elements combined
  • Evangelical emphasis on biblical preaching and evangelism
  • Sacramental focus: seven sacraments as means of grace
  • Liturgical calendar observed
  • Tithing (10% minimum) taught as biblical standard

Institutional Strengths:

  • Unique convergence positioning: Only major jurisdiction intentionally blending all three streams (liturgical, evangelical, charismatic) as equals
  • Provides home for charismatics seeking sacramental worship and evangelical seeking liturgical expression
  • Clear theological articulation of convergence vision
  • International scope across 25 countries (claimed)
  • Episcopal governance with consensus decision-making
  • Catechism development (using 1979 BCP catechism as starting point)
  • Multiple prayer book options accommodate different traditions
  • Seminary education infrastructure
  • Not schism from another body – intentional new formation
  • Pro-life institutional stance from founding

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • Membership claims lack verification: 1,000-2,000 churches, 300,000+ members claims inconsistent with observable presence and 30% post-2006 loss
  • Apostolic succession questions: Catholic Church does not recognize orders; succession through excommunicated bishop (Carlos Duarte Costa) raises validity concerns
  • 2006 crisis impact: Loss of 30% clergy/congregations including 7 active bishops represents major institutional disruption
  • Complex ecclesial identity: “Three streams” convergence may create theological tension or confusion
  • 1997 reordination decision suggests original orders considered inadequate
  • Early leadership concerns (Barker’s theological liberalism) required separation
  • Parish-level experience likely varies significantly given convergence emphasis
  • Limited publicly available parish directory information
  • Difficult to verify current institutional health from available sources
  • Small congregations typical despite large membership claims

For Further Research:

ASSESSMENT FOR PROSPECTIVE ATTENDEES:

CEC/ICCEC offers unique convergence of liturgical, evangelical, and charismatic streams unmatched in other Anglican-tradition jurisdictions. For those seeking sacramental worship with charismatic expression and evangelical emphasis, CEC provides intentional theological framework.

Critical considerations:

  • Apostolic succession through Carlos Duarte Costa (excommunicated Brazilian bishop) raises validity questions, particularly for those seeking Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox recognition
  • Membership claims appear significantly inflated relative to observable presence
  • 2006 crisis impact on institutional health difficult to assess from available information
  • “Three streams” convergence creates unique culture that may not appeal to those seeking pure Anglo-Catholic, evangelical, or charismatic expression
  • Parish-level experience likely varies significantly depending on rector’s background and emphasis

Best fit for:

  • Charismatics seeking liturgical/sacramental worship
  • Evangelicals desiring Book of Common Prayer liturgy with charismatic freedom
  • Those attracted to “convergence” concept valuing all three streams equally
  • People from Pentecostal/charismatic backgrounds exploring Anglican tradition

Poor fit for:

  • Those requiring unquestioned apostolic succession (Catholic/Orthodox recognition)
  • Traditional Anglo-Catholics uncomfortable with charismatic worship
  • Low church evangelicals skeptical of seven sacraments or charismatic gifts
  • Those seeking large, established parishes with clear institutional stability

Church of Nigeria North American Mission (CONNAM)

Official Website: https://connam.church/

Size and Scope: Membership numbers not publicly available. Organizational structure comprises Anglican Diocese of the Trinity and Anglican Diocese of the West (though significant portion of Diocese of West departed 2022), plus chaplaincy ministry. Estimates suggest several thousand members, primarily though not exclusively Nigerian-American.

Historical Foundation:

  • 2005: Founded as CANA (Convocation of Anglicans in North America) under Church of Nigeria leadership of Archbishop Peter Akinola
  • Original purpose: Receive parishes severing ties with Episcopal Church, notably large Virginia parishes
  • 2009: CANA became founding member of ACNA while maintaining dual jurisdiction with Church of Nigeria
  • 2019-2020: Reformed as CONNAM with explicit focus on Nigerian-American Anglican churches
  • 2022: Bishop Felix Orji and most Diocese of the West parishes departed for exclusive ACNA jurisdiction, viewing Church of Nigeria’s permanent mission establishment as violation of earlier commitments

Current Organizational Status: CONNAM now functions as permanent mission of Church of Nigeria. October 2022 bylaws establish CONNAM as distinct church indicating permanent North American presence. Church of Nigeria Archbishop Henry Ndukuba dedicated CONNAM cathedral in Houston (2021) and additional churches in Harrisburg, PA and Newark, NJ (2021).

Prayer Book: Varies by congregation. Generally uses traditional Anglican liturgy forms, though specific prayer book editions not standardized.

Geographic Distribution: Scattered nationally with concentration in Nigerian-American population areas. Diocese of the West historically claimed 40 churches in 24 states and 4 Canadian territories, though current count unclear following 2022 departure of Bishop Orji and many parishes.

Ecclesiastical Relationships:

  • Under Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) – reports to Primate Archbishop Henry C. Ndukuba
  • GAFCON member through Church of Nigeria membership
  • “Ministry partnership” with ACNA but no longer affiliated beyond mutual GAFCON membership
  • Previously held dual jurisdiction arrangement (parishes simultaneously in CANA and ACNA) but ended 2019
  • 2022: Most Diocese of the West parishes under Bishop Felix Orji left CONNAM for exclusive ACNA

Institutional Vitality Indicators: Unclear and potentially unstable. Significant institutional turmoil 2020-2024:

  • 2020: CANA restructured as CONNAM with Nigerian-American mission focus
  • 2021: Joint Anglican Free Communion (JAFC) chaplaincy removed residence from Church of Nigeria to become exclusively ACNA
  • 2022: Bishop Felix Orji departed with most Diocese of West parishes to join ACNA exclusively
  • 2023: Church of Nigeria General Synod formally dissolved diocesan structures, redesignating as “Mission Areas” under direct Primate oversight
  • Current structure and membership unknown

Parish Culture and Worship Characteristics: Highly variable depending on congregation ethnic composition and leadership:

Nigerian-American Majority Congregations:

  • May incorporate African Anglican worship styles
  • Some charismatic elements common in West African Anglicanism
  • Strong biblical preaching emphasis
  • Exuberant worship with African musical influences
  • Extended service times common
  • Strong community and fellowship emphasis

Former Episcopal Parishes (Diminishing):

  • Traditional Anglican liturgical worship
  • Former Episcopal clergy leadership
  • Classical Anglican church music
  • More formal liturgical style

General Theological Characteristics:

  • Very strong emphasis on biblical authority and inerrancy
  • Traditional morality with explicit rejection of homosexual practice
  • Evangelical theology with Anglican liturgical framework
  • Conservative on all social issues

Institutional Strengths:

  • Connection to Church of Nigeria (18-22 million members) provides substantial international resources
  • Extremely strong, unambiguous stance on biblical orthodoxy – no “dual integrities” compromise
  • GAFCON membership provides access to Global South Anglican networks
  • Absolute clarity on women’s ordination (Church of Nigeria opposes)
  • Nigerian church’s global influence provides institutional backing
  • Appeals to those wanting connection to vibrant, growing Global South Anglicanism
  • Archbishop Ndukuba’s strong moral clarity leadership

Institutional Weaknesses:

  • Recent institutional chaos (2020-2024): Multiple reorganizations, Coordinating Bishop departure, canonical restructuring
  • Diocese of West departure (2022): Bishop Felix Orji and majority of parishes leaving for ACNA represents significant institutional failure
  • Broken promises controversy: Archbishop Ndukuba declaring CONNAM permanent contradicts earlier Church of Nigeria commitments (per Orji, previous bishops Minns and Dobbs) to transfer parishes to ACNA
  • Accessibility unclear: Unknown whether CONNAM parishes accessible/welcoming to non-Nigerian Americans vs. functioning primarily as ethnic church
  • Geographic accessibility limited: Small number of parishes scattered nationally
  • Dual identity confusion: Some parishes formerly CANA now in ACNA, others in CONNAM; unclear to outsiders
  • “Alternative jurisdiction” questions: CONNAM existence as permanent parallel jurisdiction raises questions about Church of Nigeria’s territorial intentions
  • Leadership controversy: Some view Archbishop Ndukuba’s permanent CONNAM establishment as Nigerian church refusing to relinquish North American presence
  • “Dear Gay Anglicans” controversy (2021): Archbishop Ndukuba strongly criticized ACNA bishops’ pastoral letter as “tantamount to subtle capitulation” and “deadly virus of homosexuality,” creating ACNA relationship tensions

Current Status and Viability (October 2025): CONNAM’s long-term viability and purpose remain unclear. After 2022 Diocese of West departure and 2023 canonical restructuring, current membership and parish count unknown. Whether CONNAM functions as:

  • Primarily Nigerian-American ethnic church serving immigrant community?
  • Alternative jurisdiction for non-Nigerian orthodox Anglicans dissatisfied with ACNA?
  • Temporary mission that will eventually transfer to ACNA?
  • Permanent parallel Nigerian province in North America?

Prospective members should contact CONNAM leadership directly for current status, parish accessibility, and jurisdictional intentions.

For Further Research:

Part 1: Anglo-Catholic Jurisdictions →
ACC, ACA, APA, APCK – the high church options

Part 2: Reformed Protestant & Central Church →
REC, UECNA, ACNA, CONNAM – low church and mixed

Part 3: “Abandon Ship” Options →
TEC, Rome, Orthodoxy, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Baptist

Part 4: Analysis & Decision Framework →
Comparison tables, decision matrices, future scenarios